Annals of Human and Social Sciences

Flames across the Line: A Strategic and Tactical Analysis of the May 2025 India-Pakistan Conflict

2025-07-02T13:45:09+05:00

This study critically analyzes the India-Pakistan military escalation of May 2025, with a specific focus on its strategic, tactical, and diplomatic dimensions. Triggered by a disputed cross-border incident near the Line of Control (LoC), the conflict rapidly escalated into intense ground and aerial engagements. A high-profile dogfight between the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and Indian Air Force (IAF) became a defining moment. Using a qualitative case study approach, this paper draws on open source defense reports, media briefings, and diplomatic communications to evaluate the conflict’s trajectory and implications. The battle caused substantial military and civilian losses, infrastructure damage, and disruption of diplomatic and trade relations. Pakistan’s air superiority, strategic restraint, and international messaging earned it measured global support, especially from China and Middle Eastern states. The article concludes with strategic policy suggestions to prevent future escalations and promote long-term stability in a nuclearized South Asia.

Social Exclusion Experiences among Rural Elderly Women in Sargodha: A Qualitative Analysis

2025-07-05T19:08:44+05:00

This study aims to explain the social exclusion experiences among rural elderly women in Sargodha, reasons behind their exclusion and its impact on their lives. Social exclusion involves being disconnected from physical, financial, and social aspects of life. Rural elderly women face higher risks due to factors like gender, age, poverty, and cultural traditions. The study used qualitative research, employing purposive sampling, and collected data through an interview guide with 26 rural elderly women till data saturation. Major themes derived through thematic analysis are Social Exclusion Experiences of Rural Elderly Women, Causative Factors behind Social Exclusion of Rural Elderly Women and Repercussions of Social Exclusion among Rural Elderly Women. It concluded that poverty, social dependency on family and cultural norms contribute to social exclusion among rural elderly women. It is recommended that establishing community care institutions addressing their healthcare facilities, social life and transportation can solve issue of social exclusion.

Gender, Climate Change, and Social Inclusion in Pakistan: A Case Study of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2025-07-08T00:26:27+05:00

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), the province of Pakistan, having a patriarchal society, gender inequality, and environmental vulnerability, needs an inclusive climate governance and women are disproportionately affected due to climate change . The objective of the study is to examines the relationship between climate change, gender inequality, and social justice in KP only from 2014 to 2025. The study adopted qualitative research methodology by collecting data from books, articles, reports of international and national organization data sources and analysied through thematic analysis. The results show there is gender discrimination in literacy rate, access to economic resources, access to information and the inclusive decision-making process further intensified by institutional and cultural barriers. The results highlight the urgent need for Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) in climate governance with the integration of indigenous knowledge and cultural and community engagement in policy making and implementation to improve resilience. It recommends the need for an integrated approach that incorporates gender-responsive policies, community engagement, and innovative solutions.

Coercive Neoliberalism and Post-9/11 Hegemony: A Critique of Western Power and Resistance in The Reluctant Fundamentalist

2025-07-10T00:17:01+05:00

This research aims to explore how Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist critiques the coercive nature of Western neoliberalism. Neoliberalism, marked by free trade, deregulation, and privatisation, is supposed to benefit Western transnational elites. In the post-9/11 era, dissent against neoliberalism is frequently met with coercion. The United States has spearheaded what can be termed aggressive neoliberalism, enforcing it through political, military, and ideological means. The Reluctant Fundamentalist engages with these issues, exposing the coercive policies of Western neoliberalism and its impact on Muslim communities. The novel utilizes allegory, symbolism, and the protagonist’s opposition to reveal both overt and subtle resistance to hegemonic power. This study employs qualitative textual analysis to interpret the novel as a cultural and political critique, linking its themes to real-world geopolitics. It highlights how neoliberal policies contribute to resistance and anti-American sentiment, offering a basis for further exploration of Anglophone Pakistani fiction and its response to neoliberal globalisation.

Chinese Revolutionary Heritage: Exploring Revolutionary Culture in Huanggang

2025-07-10T23:53:20+05:00

The main objective of of this research is to investigate Huanggang, a city in Hubei province known for its rich historical legacy, strong educational traditions, and growing economy. It focuses on Huanggang’s Chinese revolutionary heritage, examining the city’s diverse cultural landscape shaped by its significant role in China’s revolutionary movements. The study explores historical sites, artifacts, and intangible cultural practices that together form Huanggang’s revolutionary legacy. It also analyzes the connections between major national revolutionary movements and local dynamics, highlighting the specific contributions of Huanggang’s leaders. This paper uses Huanggang as a micro-level case study to address the research gap concerning the link between regional revolutionary heritage and the national narrative. Using a mixed- methods approach, this research examines the opportunities and challenges of preserving and promoting this heritage, including the restoration and dissemination of revolutionary cultural artifacts through advanced technologies within the film and drama industry, aligning with Xi Jinping’s soft power strategy. The findings highlight the vital importance of protecting Huanggang’s revolutionary culture for its educational potential, cultural significance, and historical value. The study recommends that local authorities adopt sustainable tourism strategies and encourage community-led conservation efforts to safeguard the authenticity of Huanggang’s revolutionary heritage. Additionally, it suggests developing educational programs—particularly those that highlight the region’s unsung heroes—within universities, colleges, and institutes to deepen understanding of this revolutionary legacy and its enduring impact on regional and national culture and identity

Role of TV Commercials in Adoption of Culture Values among Youth of Pakistan

2025-07-11T15:57:53+05:00

Today, mostly people in Pakistan are watching TV Commercial to learn different culture values.The purpose of this study was to investigate that how current Pakistani TV commercials were used by the youth of Pakistan to adopt culture values .This study investigates the impact of TV commercials regarding Western and Indian cultural values among Youth of Pakistan. The study aims to explore how TV commercials promote Indian and Western culture and influence the youth’s perceptions of language, dressing and dancing and how their consumption of TVCs change their attitude towards culture values. Study observed through cultivation, and social learning theory. This study employed quantitative research using a purposive sampling procedure to examine the role of TV commercials in adoption of culture values. The study sample comprised (N=250) both male and female university students. Research findings reveal that youth actively watch TV commercials for culture adoption .The study highlights that Pakistani TV commercials are playing an effective role to changing the culture values of youth. Moreover TV commercials are depicting the Western and Indian culture especially Dressing, Dancing and Language. In conclusion, the research emphasizes that TV commercials are the source of culture adoption and learning among youth and Pakistani culture are replacing by the western and Indian culture.

Ideology of Pakistan: Challenges to its National Identity

2025-07-12T13:18:27+05:00

This research discloses the diverse perspectives on the creation of Pakistan during pre and post-independence era. It has shed light on the foundation of the Ideological background of Pakistan and differentiated the misconception of the Ideology of Pakistan. The paper has thoroughly discussed the demands of Muslim leaders of the subcontinent for a separate country or a state of their own and the key points of Jinnah’s vision for Pakistan as articulated in his statements, Side by side, it has also incorporated how Pakistanis have been interpreting the ideology of Pakistan since the post-independence era. Pakistan appeared on the horizon of the South Asia as an independent state with the ideology of Islam. The ideology of the freedom movement was to preserve Muslims’ identity and to establish a Muslim state which was never meant to be a theocratic state. The political struggle was democratic which spurted out due to the stern attitude of the British India and the Congress.

Strategic Interventions to Combat Terrorism Financing in Pakistan: Challenges and Pathways

2025-07-13T12:59:11+05:00

The study aims to examine the threat of terrorism financing in Pakistan, specifically focusing on vulnerabilities within DNFBPs, charitable entities, and informal money transfer networks. Despite Pakistan's regulatory improvements under FATF guidelines, persistent gaps in implementation and institutional coordination allow terrorist groups to exploit informal financial systems. Criminal activities such as drug trafficking, smuggling, and extortion contribute to terrorism financing. The research utilizes a qualitative secondary analysis approach, examining data from FATF reports, academic publications, and institutional databases. A systematic review methodology is employed, focusing on structural vulnerabilities, informal financial systems, and associated predicate crimes. Findings highlight exploitation of DNFBPs and charitable organizations due to insufficient oversight. Informal transfer systems like hawala and hundi facilitate anonymous financial flows to terrorist entities. Regulatory advancements remain undermined by inadequate enforcement and inter-agency collaboration, creating implementation gaps. Comprehensive reforms are recommended, including legislative updates, stronger institutional oversight, and increased international cooperation to effectively combat terrorism financing and align national security measures with global standards.

A Quantitative Analysis of Gender Differences among Psychosocial Correlates of Juvenile Delinquency

2025-07-18T13:25:45+05:00

The present study aims to find out the gender differences among psychosocial correlates of delinquency. Through a cross-sectional survey research design, data on 200 juvenile delinquents and runaway adolescents was taken from institutes working for the well-being of abused and neglected children in Rawalpindi, Lahore, Gujranwala, and Multan. Urdu translated versions of The Big Five Inventory (John et al., 1991), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (Patton et al., 1995), the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (Kessler & Morczek, 1992), the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (Raine et al., 2006), the Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1989), the Subtype of Antisocial Behavior Questionnaire (Burt & Donnellan, 2009), the Self-Reported Delinquency Scale (Naqvi & Kamal, 2008), and the How I Think Questionnaire ’(Barriga et al., 2001) were used to collect data. T-test results reported significant mean differences along gender on delinquency, antisocial behavior, impulsivity, aggression, and psychological distress, where male adolescents reported a higher mean value compared to female participants. On personality traits and psychological well-being, female adolescents reported a high mean. On cognitive distortions, females reported higher mean values on self-centeredness, while males reported higher means on blaming others. The study recommends the counseling programs for parents to master the effective parenting techniques and counterstrategies to deal with problematic behaviors on delinquent’s behalf in the form of intervention plans.

Establishing State Responsibility for the Breach of Human Rights and Possible Remedies

2025-07-18T13:36:18+05:00

This work attempts to study the evolving nature of state responsibility in the context of international human rights law focusing on the invalidity of reservations that hinder access to international justice. The study is limited to core UN human rights treaties and relevant enforcement mechanisms. International law in the past prioritized state-to-state obligations; nonetheless, modern human rights instruments have allowed individuals to seek redress for violations. Despite ratification, many states undermine treaty effectiveness through recourse to reservations. The study reviews international legal texts, treaty commentaries, and relevant jurisprudence using qualitative approach. The findings indicate that invalid reservations conflict with treaty purposes and hinder enforcement. States continue to escape obligations, however, this may result in international pressure such as sanctions, incentives, and public condemnation to compel compliance. It is suggested that international bodies must oblige states to act in line with commitments they have made by signing human rights treaties.

Decoding The Book of Dede Korkut using Fuzzy Logic and Systemic Functional Linguistics- A Corpus-Based Exploration

2025-07-19T11:31:15+05:00

This study investigates the stylistic, linguistic, and emotional dimensions of The Book of Dede Korkut using a corpus-based framework that combines Systemic Functional Linguistics, fuzzy logic, and sentiment analysis. Bridging computational methods with traditional literary scholarship, the research offers insights into how oral narrative traditions encode cultural cognition and emotional complexity. A corpus of 43,068 words from the text by Abdulla and Aliev (2023) was analyzed using the UAM Corpus Tool to extract lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical patterns. The results revealed an academic word frequency of 8.54%, lexical rareness of 3.6%, and 16.5% punctuation-based structures, indicating a strong reliance on oral storytelling conventions. Sentiment analysis showed a balanced emotional tone with 2.9% positive, 2.75% negative, and 2.6% neutral expressions. The use of fuzzy logic enhanced the interpretation of ambiguity and layered meanings within the text. This interdisciplinary approach highlights the potential of computational linguistics in uncovering cognitive and cultural structures in historical epics, religious texts, and indigenous narratives.

Impact of Social Media Usage on Academic Burnout among Undergraduate Students

2025-07-19T12:23:19+05:00

The aim of the study was to study the impact of social media use on academic burnout among students at the university level. In order to determine how social media affects university students' academic burnout, this descriptive survey study was carried out at the Faisalabad Campus of the University of Education, Lahore with a sample of (N=228) students studying in semester two and four. Study employed research questionnaire comprising two sections; one for measuring the academic burnout and the other used to measure social media usage (α=.81) among students. According to the findings of the study, students frequently turn to social media as a stress-reduction strategy, even when it impairs their ability to focus, sleep, and well performance in class. Academic burnout has been associated with a number of factors, including social isolation, poor lifestyle choices, low self-efficacy, scholastic stress, and a lack of social support. It was shown that emotional exhaustion and burnout were more common among female pupils. Furthermore, compared to second semester students, fourth semester students reported higher degrees of academic burnout. According to the study, universities should recognize social media as a source of academic support as well as a cause of exhaustion. Digital literacy training, time management training, fostering a culture of face-to-face interaction and the establishment of a counseling service focusing on media use and mental health are among the recommendations. The study emphasizes how critical it is that technology and psychological well-being co-exist in educational environments and recommends that remedial actions be taken to intentionally alter online conduct so that students can maintain their academic success while protecting their mental health. Long-term considerations of students' digital behavior may heavily rely on the findings.

Strategic Marketing Management: Achieving Smart Business Performance in Pakistan

2025-07-19T12:31:33+05:00

Strategic marketing management plays a critical role in enhancing business performance, particularly in emerging economies like Pakistan. This research paper explores the impact of strategic marketing practices on smart business performance by examining how businesses in Pakistan adapt to competitive pressures, technological advancements, and shifting consumer preferences. It delves into the theoretical framework of strategic marketing, analyzes the factors contributing to performance optimization, and emphasizes the alignment between market-oriented strategies and long-term organizational goals. The study uses a mixed-method approach combining both quantitative and qualitative data. Data were collected from 150 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and corporate entities across major cities in Pakistan. Analytical tools such as regression analysis and SWOT frameworks were applied to examine the relationship between strategic marketing elements—such as segmentation, positioning, branding, innovation, and digital integration—and business performance indicators like customer retention, ROI, and market share. Findings suggest that businesses employing well-structured and adaptive marketing strategies outperform competitors in dynamic markets. Furthermore, the role of digital tools, customer insight analytics, and cross-functional alignment emerged as key enablers of “smart” performance outcomes. Policy recommendations are provided for improving strategic marketing education, SME support systems, and digital infrastructure to encourage sustainable competitiveness in Pakistan's business landscape.

AI, Autonomous Weapons, and the Crisis in International Humanitarian Law

2025-07-21T11:45:48+05:00

This paper elaborates critically on how the Artificial Intelligence (AI) and autonomous weapon systems (AWS) are fundamentally challenging the International Humanitarian Law (IHL). The recent developments of AI in the Military also prompt legal and ethical challenges in IHL. Autonomous weapon systems (AWS) are designed in a way that enables them to select the targets they intend to attack and carry this out without the interference or control of a human being. The study regarding AWS and IHL produce a qualitative critical review of the pertinent literature, the legal frameworks, and policy documents. AI/AWS, by their natures, violate the principles of distinction, proportionality and precaution of IHL because of their inabilities to mirror human intuition, sentiment, and awareness. This leaves a serious accountability gap resulting in weak individual accountability over IHL offenders. The review determines that operational legal frameworks are strained and requires a new legally binding instrument to achieve appropriate human control and respect of human dignity in armed conflict. The paper appeals to strengthened and new forms of international binding instrument to ensure that there is substantial human control of AWS, and also demands global cooperation.

Exploring Infrastructure as a Catalyst for Firm-Level Sales Outcomes: A Study from Pakistan

2025-07-22T19:34:02+05:00

This study investigates how financial, physical, and institutional infrastructure collectively shape firm performance in Pakistan. Despite increasing global recognition of infrastructure's role in economic development, Pakistan industrial sector, continue to face challenges in leveraging infrastructure to optimize firm performance. Adopting firm-level microdata from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) 2022 and employing rigorous econometric analysis, the study captures the potentially dynamic relationships of three infrastructure types and firm performance. Our findings strongly support the notion that firm age, foreign ownership, quality certification, and infrastructure are key determinants of higher sales, while managerial time spent on regulatory compliance can negatively impact growth. The results indicate that a holistic strategy encompassing several infrastructure attributes yields the highest firm-level effects. To promote greater firm-level performance and overall economic growth in Pakistan, authorities must prioritise integrated plans that take into consideration these crucial interdependencies, as well as solve specific infrastructural inadequacies.

A Comparative Investigation into the Career Aspirations of Male and Female Secondary School Students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2025-07-24T12:00:43+05:00

Career aspiration is a key predictor in determining the career of students at secondary level. It affects both male and female students. This study aimed at comparative investigation of career aspirations among male and female secondary level students in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Objectives of the study were to find out the career aspirations of male and female students in secondary schools and to develop strategies for effective career planning of students at secondary level. Study’s design was quantitative. Its population was 30439 students. A sample of 380 was selected with stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was developed, validated and pilot tested for collecting data.. Data were gathered with self-administered questionnaires and analyzed with using mean scores, standard deviations and the chi-square test. Career aspirations of males were medical, engineering, computer and information technology. Career aspirations of females were teaching and medical. Both genders were having career aspirations of traditional careers. The study recommended strategies of career guidance in schools. Assistance of teachers and parents in selection of school subjects and career orientation sessions for effective career planning and aspirations of students.

Divergence of Pak-Us Relations during Donald Trump Administration

2025-07-24T20:17:13+05:00

The objectives of this study is to examine the key political, strategic, and economic factors that contributed to the deterioration of relations between the two nations from 2017 to 2021. The background of the Pak-US relations during the President Donald Trump administration stems from long-standing mistrust, particularly over Pakistan's role in counterterrorism efforts in Afghanistan. The qualitative data has been collected from academic literature, official government statements, policy documents. The study reveals that Pak-US relations began to fail during the Donald Trump administration due to conflicting strategic interests and growing confusion. Pakistan began to pivot more strongly toward China and other regional allies reducing its reliance on the United States. The overall outcome was a weakened partnership with reduced cooperation in security, economic, and diplomatic spheres. To rebuild trust and cooperation, both Pakistan and the United States should re-establish structured diplomatic dialogues focused on mutual security interests and regional stability

Use of Unfair Means in Examination: An Investigative Study

2025-07-24T20:24:12+05:00

The use of unfair means in examinations is a detrimental practice that undermines students' moral values and academic integrity. This study aimed to investigate the unfair means that employed by students during examinations. Adopting a quantitative research design, data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to a randomly selected sample of 700 students from six faculties at the University of the Punjab. The findings indicated the presence of unfair practices during examinations. Furthermore, significant differences were identified across four key factors (i.e. face paucity of space, cheating for fun & show-off, Ineffective time management skills or overload, not knowing the boundaries, different method of cheating) from the perspective of demographic variables (i.e. male & female and self-support & morning program). The study recommends that educational institutions should ensure that students are adequately informed about examination policies, rules, and regulations at the beginning of each academic session to eradicate the unfair means in examination.

Impact of Religiosity and Spirituality on Negative Automatic Thoughts, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Muslim and Christian Adolescents

2025-07-28T19:04:29+05:00

The research aims to understand the relationship between religiosity, spirituality, and negative automatic thoughts, depression, anxiety, and stress among adolescents.

Myth or Reality of Indian Strategic Doctrine of Military Modernization: The Rise of Offensive Posture in South Asia and Pakistan’s Response

2025-07-24T20:08:26+05:00

Strategic Prospects of the Maritime Silk Route (MSR) with respect to Energy Security and Military Purposes

2025-07-29T23:02:43+05:00

The 21st-century Maritime Silk Route refers to a broader geographical region stretching from South China, South Asia, Southeast Asia, South West Asia, Europe, and Africa. This qualitative study aims to explore the strategic prospects of the Maritime Silk Route concerning energy security and military drives. Since most of China's imports of energy supplies transit through the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, Beijing is interested to ensure unobstructed access in these regions. China is establishing a network of permanent naval bases from the Middle East to China. The MSR has emerged as cornerstone of China's foreign policy to capitalize the opportunity of Africa, Europe and Asia's transformation to create strategic space for China. It is effective in pursuing specific goals with respect to security of energy and China’s maritime superiority. Furthermore, it concludes that MSR is a win-win as it concentrates primarily on long-term benefits to all participating countries.

Validation of the Model of Instagram Addiction in Pakistan: A Study of University Students

2025-07-29T23:30:59+05:00

The aim of the research was to investigate the levels and existence of Instagram addiction amongst university students in Pakistan. The research was based on the instrument developed by Achmad Sholeh and Ahmad Rusdi called that The Instagram Addiction Scale (TIAS). The study used a quantitative survey approach and a sample of 600 respondents was taken from amongst the male and female students of International Islamic university, Islamabad. Findings of the study revealed that there was a moderate positive correlation between the levels of addiction and Instagram usage. Deeper analysis showed a similar relationship between Instagram usage and each component of addiction including mood-modification, relapse, salience, conflict, tolerance and withdrawal. Findings of the study showed that TIAS is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating the levels of Instagram addiction. Furthermore, contrary to prior literature, gender was not found to be a moderating factor in the levels of Instagram addiction.

Self-esteem and Academic Self Concept: A Comparison of Government and Private Schools in Quetta

2025-07-29T23:46:06+05:00

The study investigated the differences in academic self-concept and self-esteem of adolescent students in government and private schools of Quetta. Moreover, the study also explored the relationship between students’ academic self-concept and self-esteem. The sample comprised 414 students aged 14 - 17 years from government and private schools. Rosenberg’s scale of self-esteem and Academic Self Concept Scale for Adolescents (ASCA) were employed as measures of self-esteem and academic self concept. Results showed that students of government schools scored higher on academic self-concept and students of private schools scored higher on self-esteem. A weak negative correlation was found between academic self-concept and self-esteem. The study recommends developing policies on institutional as well as government level that help incorporate academic self concept into self esteem and self concept of students.

Discretionary Accounting and Earnings Management Practices: Evidence from Sugar Industry of Pakistan

2025-07-30T16:03:30+05:00

This study examines the accounting practices of earning management in the sugar industry of Pakistan. Using two broader categories; Accruals Based Earnings (AEM) and Real Earnings Management (REM), this study examines the phenomena of earning management. The study uses the data of 27 listed sugar firms on the Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period 2014-2023. The Modified Jones Model is applied to estimate the AEM and Roychowdhury Model is used for REM. The results of Pooled OLS suggest the complementary relationship between AEM and REM. Notably, AEM exhibits a stronger explanatory power in predicting REM, as reflected by its higher coefficient value. This study offers valuable insights for investors, regulators, and policymakers, particularly in the context of Pakistan’s sugar industry. The findings highlight the need for stricter and transparent financial reporting standards to enhance transparency and objectivity by implementing more rigorous regulations.

Political Economy of Healthcare in Pakistan: Impact on Health Security and Pandemic Preparedness

2025-07-30T23:26:48+05:00

This study aims to explore the political economy of healthcare in Pakistan, focusing on how political decisions, economic constraints, and governance structures affect healthcare delivery, particularly in pandemic response. Pakistan's healthcare system faces challenges due to underfunding, political instability, and inefficient governance, which have created disparities in healthcare access, especially in rural areas. The COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted these systemic issues, exposing the vulnerabilities in the country’s healthcare infrastructure. This qualitative research relies on secondary data, including governmental reports, academic articles, and case studies. The study analyzes these sources to understand the impact of political and economic factors on healthcare delivery and pandemic preparedness. Key findings show that underfunding, political instability, and ineffective governance significantly hinder healthcare access and quality. The pandemic exacerbated these issues, particularly in rural regions. Federal-provincial coordination was fragmented, worsening the crisis. The study recommends increasing healthcare financing, improving federal-provincial coordination, enhancing public-private partnerships, and investing in long-term healthcare infrastructure and workforce training to improve pandemic preparedness.

A Comparative Study of Environmental Discourse: An Ecolinguistic Perspective

2025-07-31T13:12:09+05:00

The study comparatively examines the climate change news headlines of the UK and Pakistan. The study investigates the certain lexical choices and sentence structure of news headlines of both countries; UK and Pakistan. The study analyses the news headlines from two media channels BBC and BOL News. The primary focus of the study is to identify those structures of language used in the reporting in which some beliefs, ideologies and perspectives hold importance and others are treated unimportantly. The purpose of the study is to identify the function of language in climate change news for shaping and framing people’s mind in relation to nature and environment. Stibbe’s Theory of Ecolinguitics (2015) along with the framework of Fairclough Critical Discourse Analysis (1989/1995) is applied to this study. A purposive sampling technique is used to collect 24 news headlines from both news channels over the period 2022-23. The research follows a qualitative methodology. The findings suggest the role of different narratives like Identity, Evaluation, and Conviction in making common people believe and form ideologies. The choice of words in constructing a complete news headline serve to make language strengthening or weakening for the creation of human-nature bond. The results show contrasting discourse strategies which weakens or strengthens the relationship of man with nature. The future researcher can expand this study by deeply analysing print media and by exploring different countries through different theoretical lenses.

Effectiveness of a Function-Based ABA Intervention for Tantrum Reduction in a Preschool Child: A Single-Subject Design Study

2025-07-31T13:16:53+05:00

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of a function-based Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) intervention using Differential Reinforcement of Alternate Behavior (DRA) and Extinction to reduce the temper tantrums in a preschool-aged child living in a Pakistani joint family. Temper tantrums in pre-school years, if left unaddressed, lead to behavioral problems in later life (Hoyniak et al., 2022). It was hypothesized: The intervention would significantly reduce tantrum’s mean rate compared to baseline and tantrum behavior would be replaced with functionally equivalent adaptive behaviors. A single-subject A-B-A withdrawal design was employed for at 30 days intervention guided by Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA). Quantitative frequency recordings were conducted during baseline, intervention, and follow up phases. The results showed significant reduction in temper tantrums frequency with results being maintained in the follow ups. Future studies should utilize the intervention on larger population and incorporate caregiver fidelity checks to generilze and maintain the integrity of the intervention

Role of Social Media in Journalism to create News for Mainstream Media. A Survey of journalists of Sindh, Pakistan

2025-08-01T11:17:16+05:00

In Sindh, Pakistan, the digital emergence of Twitter (X), Facebook, WhatsApp, and YouTube platforms has severely influenced journalism. In countries where the media infrastructure is underdeveloped, they are vital to real-time coverage, playing to the audience, and circumventing common media restrictions.The research study is restricted to the population of 300 working journalists in both the urban and rural Sindh, which represents the print, electronic and online media. It was administered through a structured Likert-scale survey that consisted of a quantitative cross-sectional survey. The demographics were well represented through stratified purposive sampling. Almost all, 88 percent of people use social media every day, and people post about breaking news online before mass media informs about them. The strong correlation of digital influence is proven by Pearson correlation (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). Adopt moral editorial codes, introduce digital literacy courses, enhance rural media facilities as well as develop partnership between online and older platforms.

Strategic Securitization: Climate Change in the National Security Narratives of Pakistan

2025-08-01T18:00:57+05:00

Strategic securitization represents a deliberate policy approach where states frame environmental risk as a national security threat to achieve diplomatic, economic, and political interests. Climate change has the potential to cause significant uncertain impacts, undermining human security, state survival, and increasing the risks of conflict and instability between states. Climate change is framed as a hard security concern or a strategic opportunity in major powers such as the US, China, and Russia, but Pakistan’s securitization of climate change remains partial, reactive, and development-centric. This qualitative, cross-comparative study analyzes how major powers frame their security priorities, uses discourse analysis and narratives comparison as research methods to identify patterns and differences in strategic narratives, and explores the security implications of climate change and its impacts on the national security of Pakistan. The theoretical framework discusses securitization theory, strategic securitization, and constructivism theory to analyze the changing dynamics of non-traditional security threats. This exploration examines strategic actors and narratives that influence Pakistan’s climate security positioning and contends that securitization of climate change in Pakistan is beginning to emerge through climate diplomacy by using vulnerability as a leverage point for climate finance and justice.

Influence of Media on Political Instability: Insights from International and National Case Studies

2025-08-02T13:16:57+05:00

This paper examines the role of media in influencing political instability by investigating three significant case studies: the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) protest of 2014, the General Elections of 2018 in Pakistan, and the Arab Spring movement. By analyzing these case studies, the paper aims to investigate the impact of media on political instability as well as the intersection of media and politics. The paper discovers how traditional and digital media platforms work as reagents in determining public opinion mobilizing grassroots and manipulating political dynamics. Qualitative case study method was employed in this paper and the results revealed that the PTI protest of 2014 highlighted the impact of live media coverage and digital platforms in supporting long-term political tension. In the same way, the 2018 General Elections in Pakistan underlined the role of media in shaping electoral narratives and amplifying political division. The Arab Spring movement demonstrated the transformative power of social media in falling regimes and redefining power in the Middle East. By censoriously examining these events this paper highlights the dual-edged nature of media which can either strengthen democratic dissertation or aggravate political uncertainty. These findings emphasize the need for accountable media practices to certify balanced political outcomes as well as the monitoring of social media platforms by the governing authorities.

Adaptation in Instruction for the Visually Impaired Students in Inclusive Setting

2025-08-02T22:31:27+05:00

This study aimed to identify instructional adaptations for students with visual impairments in inclusive settings, specifically examining differences based on teachers age groups in Lahore and Vehari. Inclusive education requires effective instructional strategies for visually impaired students. However, many teachers lack the necessary training and resources, hindering the implementation of suitable adaptations. A quantitative research design was used. The sample consisted of 160 teachers from inclusive schools in Lahore and Vehari, selected through non-probability sampling. Data were collected using a self-developed checklist. An independent sample t-test was applied to analyze differences in instructional adaptation based on teachers age. Instructional adaptation was the core variable under investigation. The findings indicated no significant difference in instructional adaptations based on age groups. A major issue identified was insufficient training, which affected teachers capacity to address the needs of visually impaired students. It is recommended to organize regular teacher training programs, provide necessary teaching aids, and ensure appropriate facilities for effective inclusive education.

Immersive Learning as a Catalyst for Redesigning Instructional Theory and Design

2025-08-02T22:37:24+05:00

This study explored how veteran instructional designers interpret immersive learning scenarios using traditional models such as ADDIE and Dick and Carey. It focused specifically on Pakistan’s higher education design context. While immersive technologies promise enhanced engagement and presence, existing research rarely examines how design models adapt to these environments. Legacy instructional frameworks assume structured learning sequences and predictable outcomes. Immersive learning disrupts this logic through embodiment, spatiality, and learner-driven paths. A theory-informed qualitative design was used. Fifteen experts participated in scenario-based focus group discussions structured around the ADDIE model. Data were thematically analyzed using NVivo, with dual coding aligned to structured and experiential frameworks. Findings revealed model breakdowns at all ADDIE stages. Designers struggled to analyze learner readiness, sequence open pathways, define content, implement through outdated systems, and assess emergent learning. Participants improvised with constructivist and experiential strategies when traditional models failed. Instructional design models require transformation, not extension. Institutions must revise designer training, immersive infrastructure, and evaluation philosophy.

Semi Standardization of an Achievement Test in the Subject of Physics at Secondary Level

2025-08-03T21:06:29+05:00

The objective of the study was to develop an achievement test of physics at secondary level. Item analysis is essential tool for reliability and validity of MCQs. For this a test comprising of 50 multiple-choice items was developed to measure lower order thinking skills of cognitive domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Convenience sampling technique was used to select a sample of 600 students. Mean and standard deviation for total sample were 37.10 ± 8.19, for male were 36.33 ± 8.91, for female were 37.84 ± 7.55, respectively. 17 items were easy, 31 items were moderate whereas 2 items were difficult. 48 items were good to discriminate among high and low achievers. All 50 items had effective distractors. Cronbach Alpha value was 0.92 and the face validity was 91.47%. The overall items should be made part of the test. Number of items be increased.

Historical Context of Minority Rights of Pakistan: Theory and Practices

2025-08-04T17:49:49+05:00

This study explores the development of minority rights from ancient civilizations to the present, providing a thorough historical contextualization of these rights. The study also explores the idea of minority rights in diverse political, religious, and cultural contexts, emphasizing the difficulties and complexities minority groups have encountered across time. Minority groups, such as Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis, have been widely discriminated against and marginalized as a result of succeeding administrations and regimes' frequent failure to follow this ideal. This research used a qualitative approach to historical analysis, drawing on primary and secondary sources such as policy documents, speeches, and archive records. Key informants, including academics, human rights advocates, and historians, participated in semi-structured interviews. This study finds out discriminatory laws and practices have been used to sustain a pattern of institutionalized discrimination against minority populations. Significant obstacles stand in the way of minority groups' access to political, economic, and educational opportunities. The government should take proactive measures to enhance minority rights protections in order to rectify the historical injustices that minority groups in Pakistan have experienced. These measures should include enforcing current laws and policies, fostering interfaith understanding and communication, and giving minority communities access to economic and educational opportunities. Minority groups' cultural legacy should also be promoted and preserved, and their contributions to Pakistan's history and progress should be acknowledged and honored.

A Rise of TLP (Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan) and Barelvi Sect in Pakistan’s Political and Social Arena

2025-08-04T18:04:24+05:00

The aim of the paper is to exclusively explain the politicization of the TLP and Barelvi sect in Pakistan. It explains how the sect associates itself with the teaching of syncretic Sufism which is peaceful and tolerant. Historically, the sect has remained peaceful with no political participation; however, recently under the tutelage of TLP the sect has started showing assertiveness through various audacious acts. One of Barelvis late clerics, Khadim Hussian Rizvi the founder of TLP, has openly provoked even policemen and other followers to kill the blasphemers. Such statements are very sensitive. It is a qualitative study. The study has mainly included books, scholarly journals and newspapers for discussion. The aggressive statements and protests by TLP can start a new wave of sectarianism. The party demand of the death of anyone who commits blasphemy might undermine social balance. It is recommended that government must ensure justice for all the individuals including minorities. No one should be exempted from deteriorating law and order situation in the country.

Shattered Minds and Silent Control: Trauma and Power in All Quiet on the Western Front

2025-08-05T18:11:36+05:00

This study aims to investigate the horrific experiences of Paul whose initial excitement for war is shattered after seeing the brutal realities of WWI. This paper examines the psychological impact of combat on soldiers. It investigates the way trauma reshapes their emotional state, identity and perception of life. Another significance of this paper is that it explores how the authoritative figures exploit the patriotic sentiments of these individuals by manipulating them for their agendas. It is qualitative research, and the theoretical framework of this research is Chris Brewin’s dual representation theory to analyze the traumatic effects of war on soldiers and Van Dijk’s theory of discourse to explore how institutional power manipulates language and narratives to exert power on their subordinates. This research contributes in the field of trauma studies and literary scholarship. The results of this study is how authoritative people manipulates nation and soldiers to serve their own agendas. Recommendations for future researchers is that they can incorporate the trauma theory to explore the psychological impact of war on soldiers in different cultures. Traumatical effects on soldires due to war can be better understood by the comparative analysis of real life and literary war narratives. Additionally discourse analysis can be done to understand the way politition and media manipulates the nation and soldiers.

Family Functioning and Emotional Behaviour Problems: Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotional Regulation Strategies Among Slum Dwelling Adolescents

2025-08-05T18:21:02+05:00

The study examined the mediating role of adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotional regulation strategies between family functioning and emotional behaviour problems among slum dwelling adolescents. This group faces significant challenges that impact their mental health and well-being. Teaching effective coping mechanisms are crucial for promoting mental health. A quantitative approach was employed, using purposive sampling to target 400 adolescents (214 boys, 186 girls) aged 10-20 years (M = 15.36; SD = 3.06). The sample was taken from Islamabad, Mandra Gujar Khan and Sohawa. The data was analysed using Process Marco by Hyes. The result of mediation analyses confirmed that the adaptive and maladaptive strategies partially mediated the link between family functioning and externalizing and internalizing behaviour problems. Based on the results, prevention and intervention programs can be introduced to strengthen family functioning and save the slum dweller from developing emotional behaviour problems.

The Comparative Study on Interpersonal Rejection Sensitivity, Death Anxiety and Quality of Life among Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetics

2025-08-07T17:08:59+05:00

A comparative study was conducted to examine the differences in interpersonal rejection sensitivity, death anxiety, and quality of life among individuals with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. The age range of participants was 18-40 years (N=300). The population was selected using purposive convenient sampling. The inclusion criteria for selecting participants were individuals diagnosed with diabetes and falling within the specified age range. Individuals with any other diagnosed psychological problems or taking psychotropic medication were excluded from the study. Data was collected using a consent form, demographic forms, the Interpersonal Rejection Sensitivity Scale (IRSS), the Death Anxiety Inventory-Revised (DAI-R), and the WHO Quality of Life Scale. The collected data was analyzed using the Social Science Statistical System (SPSS) with an unrelated t-test. The findings revealed that individuals with Type 1 diabetes reported significantly higher levels of death anxiety (p < 0.05, MD = 6.79) and interpersonal rejection sensitivity (p < 0.05, MD = 3.53) compared to those with Type 2 diabetes. However, no significant difference was found in the overall quality of life between the two groups (p = 0.705). The study’s implications included promoting social support and providing resources to help patients manage these factors and cope with negative emotions. The research findings were intended to assist in developing intervention plans and strategies to manage these psychological factors and improve the quality of life of individuals with diabetes.

Balancing Forensic Technology and Human Rights in the International Legal Framework and Financial Crime Context: A Legal Analysis

2025-08-09T19:52:51+05:00

This study examines the impact of forensic technologies on human rights within the context of international law, focusing specifically on financial crime investigations involving digital evidence. It is delimited to legal and ethical implications under major international instruments.Forensic tools such as digital evidence extraction, network forensics, and big data analytics have enhanced the detection of complex financial crimes. However, their increasing use raises critical concerns over privacy, data protection, and due process. International frameworks, including the GDPR, UNCAC, and the Budapest Convention, seek to balance investigative powers with fundamental rights. A doctrinal research approach combined with qualitative analysis was applied to review legal texts, scholarly literature, and case studies. Findings reveal gaps in global regulatory consistency, inadequate ethical oversight, and risks of rights violations in cross-border digital investigations. Stronger scientific validation and ethical frameworks are urgently needed.The study advocates harmonised international standards, proactive regulation of AI-based forensic tools, and integration of ethical oversight to ensure rights-compliant financial crime investigations.